The 2nd IEM Conference of 2025 will take place on May 13th and feature Claudia Theune’s (Universidade de Viena) contribution with the presentation “The Alps – remote, but not marginal”.

“The Alps have never been an insurmountable barrier. Rather, the rich and diverse raw materials have always been used and exploited, and various routes connected the northern Alpine region with the Mediterranean area. In this lecture, I will focus on the use of the Alps in the late Middle Ages and early modern times, with an emphasis on gold mining, alpine pasturing and the routes through the Alps.” (Claudia Theune)